数值积分
- Limitation
- 对于 维函数 ,一维情况下 收敛,则高维仅 收敛
- 不连续:
- Monte Carlo Method:
- Adavantage
- Easy to implement
- Robust
- efficient for high dimensional integrals
- Disadvantages
- noisy: 按概率采样
- slow
- Adavantage
- Monte Carlo estimator:
- sample
- 最理想:
- 采样
- inversion
- 求 CDF
- 逆函数 CDF
- 均匀采样
- rejection
- accept if
- 一般方法
- find ,
- Dart throwing
- efficiency = area / area of rectangle
- transform
- inversion
- Multidimensional sampling: sample with and